The Impact of Land Use Change on Water-Related Ecosystem Services in the Bashang Area of Hebei Province, China

Land use change is an important scientific issue recognized for its potential to alter ecosystem services (ESs), especially water-related (WRESs). Using the integrated valuation of and trade-offs (InVEST) model, this study quantified mapped spatiotemporal variations in land corresponding WRESs Bashang area Hebei Province, China (BAHP) investigate how impacted by means scenario analysis, especially, which a new evaluation indicator, average ecology effect (AEE) was proposed well applied. The results indicated that woodland expansion (+602.61 km2) grassland shrinkage (?500.57 dominated BAHP 2000–2018, altered local WRESs, including moderate declines water purification yield, as significant enhancement soil conservation. In compared baseline levels, riparian buffer planting trees scenarios slightly decreased yield but strengthened conservation; reclaiming wasteland development significantly enhanced conservation lowered purification; fertilizer reduction effectively mitigated deterioration. According AEE, (RWB) performed greater than (PT) on per unit area, differed completely from based total variations. Overall, multiple-scale indicator comprehensive ESs should receive more attention.